 Contents
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CONTENTS
Preface to the English
Edition
English Preface to the
Original Hebrew Edition
INTRODUCTION 1
0.4 The Samaritan
Pentateuch and Its Linguistic Character 3
0.5 Can a Hebrew Grammar
be Compiled Solely on the Basis of an Unvocalized Text? 4
0.6 Samaritan Pointing
System 5
0.10 Recording a Spoken
Language for Grammatical Investigation
0.13 Material for the
Grammar 13
0.15 Classification of
Linguistic Phenomena in Tiberian and Samaritan Hebrew 17
0.18 Arrangement of the
Book 21
0.20 Samaritan Script 23
0.20.3 Alphabet Table 25
PHONOLOGY 29
1.0 Preliminaries 29
1.1 Consonants 30
1.1.2 Table of
Consonants 31
1.1.4 32
1.1.4.1 Three Points of
Articulation of Waw 33
1.1.5 -pa 34
1.1.6 35
1.1.7 γ ≫ 37
1.1.8 ynrw 38
1.2 Vowels 43
1.2.0 Vowel System 43
1.2.1 Vowel Quantity 44
1.2.4 Vowel Quality 48
1.2.6 a, a 49
1.2.7 Samaritan
Tradition as Compared with that of the Jews
1.3 Shewa
and Auxiliary Vowels 53
1.3.0 Parallels to the
Shewa in Samaritan Hebrew 53
1.3.2 Previous Stages of
the Shewa 55
1.3.3 Shewa >
Vowel of Any Quality 56
1.3.4 Auxiliary Vowels
57
1.3.6 Fatah Furtivum
60
1.4 Syllabic Structure
and Stress 60
1.4.1 Syllabic Rules 61
1.4.2 Diphthongs and
Syllable Splitting 62
1.4.3 Ascending
Diphthong 63
1.4.4 Descending
Diphthong 63
1.4.5 Syllabic Splitting
67
1.4.6 Stress 68
1.4.8 Development of
Stress in Tiberian Hebrew 71
1.4.10 Auxiliary Stress
74
1.5 Sound Changes 74
1.5.1 Interchanges in
the Vowel System 75
1.5.1.1 i/e/e 76
1.5.1.2 ila(a) 76
1.5.1.3 a/a 77
1.5.2 Diachronic Study
78
1.5.2.1 i 78
1.5.2.2 a 80
1.5.2.3 u 81
1.5.2.4 i, ü
83
1.5.2.5 ä>ö
83
1.5.3 Changes Due to
Proximity 86
1.5.3.1 Assimilation 87
1.5.3.2 Dissimilation 90
1.5.3.3 Gemination 90
1.5.3.4 Syncope 92
1.5.3.5 Metathesis 94
1.5.3.6 Neutralization
94
MORPHOLOGY 96
2 Verb 96
2.0 Preliminaries 96
2.0.1 Root 96
2.0.2 Base 97
2.0.3 Formative 98
2.0.4 Inflection and
Derivation 98
2.0.7 Grammatical
Classification in Tiberian Hebrew 100
2.0.8 Stem 101
2.0.9 Class 101
2.0.10 Tense in
Samaritan Hebrew 102
2.0.13 Table of Perfect
Afformatives 103
2.0.14 Table of
Imperfect Preformatives 104
2.1 Strong Verb 105
2.1.1 Qal 105
2.1.1.7 Qal Β
Imperfect 109
2.1.2 Hif'il 110
2.1.3 Pi'el 112
2.1.3.1 With Geminated
Second Radical 112
2.1.3.5 With Simple
Second Radical (Pi'el B) 113
2.1.4 Nif'al
2.1.4.1 With Simple
Second Radical 115
2.1.4.6 With Geminated
Second Radical (Nifal B) 117
2.1.5 Hitpa'el
119
2.1.5.1 With Geminated
Second Radical 119
2.1.5.3 With Simple
Second Radical (Hitpa'el B) 119
2.2 Verbs with ?"ππκ
Radical 120
2.2.1 I-Guttural (ynnn)
120
2.2.1.1 Qal 120
2.2.1.2 Hifil 123
2.2.1.3 P iel
124
2.2.1.3.1 With Geminated
Second Radical 124
2.2.1.3.3 With Simple
Second Radical
(Piel
B) 125
2.2.1.4 Nifal 125
2.2.1.5 Hitpa'el
125
2.2.1.5.2 With Geminated
Second Radical 126
2.2.1.5.3 With Simple
Second Radical (Hitpa'el B) 126
2.2.2 II-Guttural 127
2.2.2.1 Qal 127
2.2.2.2 Hifil 128
2.2.2.3 P iel
130
2.2.2.4 Nifal 130
2.2.2.5 Hitpa'el
131
2.2.3 Ill-Guttural 131
2.2.3.1 Qal 132
2.2.3.2 Hifil 133
2.2.3.3 P iel
134
2.2.3.3.1 With Geminated
Second Radical 134
2.2.3.3.4 With
Simple Second Radical (Piel
B) 134
2.2.3.4 Nifal 135
2.2.3.5 Hitpa'el
136
2.3 Verbs I-Aleph
( r s ) 136
2.4 Verbs I-Yod
(, MD) 138
2.5 Verbs Ι-Nun (rs) 144
2.5.2 Suppletion of the
Qal and Stems 144
2.5.5 Change of Nifal
of y"y and V'D to r s 145
2.5.11 pu 146
2.5.12-14 itM, opj, Πϋ3,
T T J 146
2.6 Verbs II-Waw/Yod
V?) 147
2.6.13 Gemination of
First Radical in Imperfect 152
2.6.15 Converted
Imperfect 152
2.7 Geminate Verbs (y"y)
153
2.7.2 Five Types in
Tiberian Hebrew 154
2.7.3 Types in Samaritan
Hebrew 155
2.7.7 Vocalization of
Preformatives 157
2.8 Verbs III-Heh
(n»V) 158
2.8.18 rrn, rrn 166
2.8.21 7m 168
2.9 Tenses and Moods 169
2.9.1 Tiberian Hebrew
169
2.9.3 Samaritan Hebrew
170
2.9.6 Converted
Imperfect 171
2.9.9 Shortened
Imperfect (Jussive) 173
2.9.10 Lengthened
Imperfect (Cohortative) 174
2.10 Passive Voice 176
2.10.2 Disappearance of
Internal Passive and Its Substitutes 177
2.10.5 Remains of
Internal Passive 179
2.10.6 Qal
Perfect 179
2.10.7 Qal and
Hifil Imperfect 180
2.10.8 Hifil
Perfect 181
2.10.9 Piel
182
2.11 Imperative 183
2.11.3 Vocalization of
Second Radical 184
2.11.6 Special Features
of Different Verb Classes 185
2.12 Active Participle
187
2.12.4 Participles of
Qal 189
2.12.8 Participle of
Piel and Hitpa'el 192
2.12.9 Participle of
Piel without Mem 192
2.12.10 Participles of
Nifal 193
2.12.11 Special Features
of Different Verb Classes 194
2.13 Passive Participle
198
2.13.2 Three Forms of
Qal Participle 199
2.13.6 Special Features
of Different Verb Classes 201
2.14 Infinitive 202
2.14.2 Absolute and
Construct Infinitives in Tiberian Hebrew 203
2.14.4 Infinitive in
Samaritan Hebrew 205
2.14.6 Forms of the
Qal Infinitive 207
2.14.11 Infinitive Forms
of Other Stems 211
2.14.13 Special Features
of Different Verb Classes 213
2.15 Mixture of Classes
and Alternation of Stems 218
2.15.2 Motivations for
the Alternation 219
2.15.5 Qal>Pi'el 222
2.15.6 Nifal with
Simple Second Radical > Nif'al with Geminated
Second Radical 223
2.15.7 Qal Intransitive
> Nif'al 223
3 PRONOUN S
225
3.1 Personal Pronouns
225
3.2 Pronominal Suffixes
227
3.2.7 Reconstructed
Forms in Stage of Hebrew Common to Samaritan and
Tiberian Hebrew 234
3.2.8 Table of
Possessive Suffixes 234
3.2.9 Table of Object
Suffixes 236
3.3 Other Pronouns 236
3.3.1 Demonstratives 236
3.3.2 Definite Article
-n 238
3.3.3 Interrogative,
Indefinite, and Relative Pronouns 238
4 NOUN S
240
4.0 Preliminaries
4.0.2 Difference Between
Pattern and Appearance 240
4.0.4 Method Applied to
Samaritan Hebrew 242
4.1 Simple Noun Patterns
245
4.1.1 Forms with One
Consonant 245
4.1.2 Forms with Two
Consonants 245
4.1.3 Forms with Three
Consonants 250
4.1.4 Forms with Four or
More Consonants 260
4.1.4.0 Forms with
Geminated Second Radical and Similar Forms 260
4.1.4.11 Quadriradicals
265
4.1.4.12 Quinqueradicals
265
4.1.4.13 Compounds 266
4.1.5 Feminine Patterns
266
4.2 Prefixed Patterns
273
4.2.1 With-x 273
4.2.2 With-' 275
4.2.3 With-ö 276
4.2.4
With-η 279
4.3 Suffixed Patterns
and Nouns with Suffixes 280
4.3.2 ι 281
4.3.3 e 282
4.3.4 a/a 282
4.3.5 u 283
4.3.6 im/em, en
283
4.3.7 it/et 283
4.3.8 ä y , a
y / ä ' i , a ' i 284
4.3.9 am/am ('am), om
285
4.3.10 än/'an, on/'un
285
4.3.12 Suffixes with
Geminated Nun 287
4.3.13 Suffix I- not
Preceded by Vowel 288
4.3.14 at - o t
288
4.4 Ultimately-Stressed
Nominal Forms 290
4.5 Gender and Number
294
4.5.1 Masculine and
Feminine Gender 294
4.5.5 Singular, Dual,
and Plural Number 295
4.6 Construct State and
Pronominal State 298
4.6.2.1 Four Types of
Declension 300
5 NUMERALS 305
5.0 Cardinal Numbers 305
5.1 From 1 to 10 305
5.2 From 11 to 20 308
5.3 Remaining Cardinal
Numbers 308
5.4 Ordinal Numbers 309
5.5 Fractions 310
5.6 Multiplicatives 312
6 PARTICLES 313
6.0 Classification of
Particles 313
6.3 Particles with
Special Characteristics in Samaritan Hebrew 316
7 SOME POINTS OF SYNTAX
323
7.0 General Remarks 323
7.1 Determination 324
7.2 He Locale 326
7.3 m 327
7.4 In the Realm of
Sentence Structure 328
7.5 Sentence Types
(Verbal/Nominal) 330
8 EPILOGUE 333
8.2 Samaritan Hebrew and
Theories of the Samaritan Grammarians 333
8.4 Samaritan Hebrew and
Mishnaic Hebrew 335
8.8 Samaritan Hebrew and
Aramaic 340
User's Guide to the
Inventory of Forms 345
Inventory of Forms 353
Addenda and Corrigenda
465
Abbreviations and
Bibliographical References 467
Index of Passages 474
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